Charlotte Russell Partridge

The Gallery seeks artwork by Charlotte Russell. Contact: info@GalleryofWisconsinArt.com

BORN: November 24, 1882 in Minneapolis, MN

DIED: 1977, in Milwaukee, WI

Charlotte Partridge and Miriam Frink were visionaries whose work establishing and running the Layton School of Art in Milwaukee furthered art education in Wisconsin and fostered the early careers of many studio artists.

Charlotte Partridge was born in 1881 in Minneapolis, Minnesota. She attended Dana Hall, a college preparatory school in Massachusetts, before returning to the Midwest. Partridge graduated from Northern Illinois Teachers College in 1905, after which she took on various teaching positions. Her interest in art led her to study at the progressive Chicago School of Applied and Normal Art. In 1914, Partridge was hired as an art faculty member at Downer College in Milwaukee where she earned a reputation for steering the art program away from the stiff academic style that was dominant at the time. A proponent of modern art, she later became head of the school’s fine arts department.

Miriam Frink, a native of Elkhart, Indiana, was born in in 1892. She attended Downer College in her freshman and sophomore years, then transferred to Smith College. After graduation, Frink was offered a position teaching English at Downer and returned to Milwaukee in 1915. Like Partridge, Frink lived in a room on campus, which was part of her compensation.

Mutual interests in art and music fostered a friendship between Partridge and Frink at Downer, and by 1921 they had taken up a domestic relationship and rented an apartment together. The couple would live together for more than fifty years, until Partridge moved into assisted living.

When Partridge was asked to take over her alma mater in Chicago, she instead bought the school’s equipment, moved it to Milwaukee, and in 1920 started her own art school in the basement of the Layton Art Gallery. Frink served as the co-director and looked after the business side of things in addition to teaching literature. Partridge taught art classes and supervised the faculty. During the Great Depression, they opted to forgo their salaries to continue to run the school. From 1935 to 1939, Partridge directed the Wisconsin Federal Art Project, a project of President Roosevelt’s Works Project Administration that supported the arts.

By 1951, the Layton School had 1,100 students and its own building. In 1954, the board of trustees “retired” both Partridge and Frink; the record is silent as to whether this occurred because the women were lesbians or simply as a result of the new director’s ambitions. Unfortunately, the school experienced financial difficulties and closed in 1974. Its successor, the Milwaukee Institute of Art and Design, was founded by former Layton faculty and students.

As an artist herselff, Charlotte Partridge is known most for her Modernist style of painting.

At a time when it was difficult for women to assume leadership roles in most fields, Charlotte Partridge and Miriam Frink defied the odds. They are remembered for their visionary work advancing art education in Wisconsin.

Miriam Frink and Charlotte Partridge got to know each while on staff at Downer College in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The women later co-directed the Layton School, predecessor of the Milwaukee Institute of Art and Design. Courtesy of UW–Milwaukee Archives

*This story was adapted from the Wisconsin Historical Society Press books "Coming Out, Moving Forward," by R. Richard Wagner

Charlotte Partridge, born in Minneapolis in 1881, was an incredibly progressive woman. She attended Dana Hall in Massachusetts and then the Northern Illinois Teacher’s College in DeKalb, Illinois. After traveling through Europe, Partridge enrolled at the Church School of Art in Chicago, where she also taught after graduating. In 1914, she began teaching at the Milwaukee-Downer College, but by 1920 she was dissatisfied with the school. By this point Miss Church (of the Church School of Art) had closed her art school and offered all of her furniture and supplies to Partridge. Partridge thus decided to open an art school in the basement of the Layton Art Gallery.

From its inception in 1920, the Layton School of Art, administered by Partridge and her life partner Miriam Frink, was different from other art schools in the area. Its primary aim was to train young men and women to earn their living as artists. In order to achieve this goal, students were required to take a variety of classes including psychology, drama, music, and poetry, all of which Partridge and Frink believed encouraged students to better understand art. In addition, students attended co-educational life study classes held with live models. This practice, although common in today’s art schools, was considered revolutionary in the early 20th century.

Meanwhile, George Raab, a well-known Milwaukee artist, was curator of the Layton Art Gallery. Raab was only the second curator at the gallery and accompanied Frederick Layton on many art buying trips. Although he was personally interested in local art and had advocated for a re-hanging of the collection, Raab continued Layton’s legacy by maintaining the gallery’s Victorian aesthetic. Because of this, attendance at the gallery had stagnated under Raab’s leadership. It was thus no surprise (except to Raab) when in June 17, 1922, while Raab was on vacation, Milwaukee newspapers announced that the Layton trustees had asked for Raab’s resignation. Charlotte Partridge, seen as the key to modernizing the Layton Art Gallery, was promoted to curator.

Partridge immediately did away with the dark maroon wall color, painting them a light tan instead. She hung artworks at eye-level, instead of salon-style. Partridge also dispersed most of the Victorian paintings in the collection, lending them to institutions around town, and filled the gallery space entirely with local contemporary artists. She even installed electric lighting. The Layton Art Gallery became a vibrant place full of activity.

One of Partridge’s most significant contributions was the inclusion of Wisconsin artists in the Layton Art Collection. As you can see when you visit the exhibition, Partridge collected work by several Layton School of Art teachers and alumni, including Emily Groom, Helen Hoppin, Karl Priebe, Gerrit Sinclair, and Dudley Crafts Watson. As Miriam Frank put it, quoted in Layton’s Legacy by John Eastberg and Eric Vogel: “Charlotte was the first person to give real understanding and support to the painters of Wisconsin and give them a gallery where they could exhibit.”

During her tenure, in 1930, Patridge invited Frank Lloyd Wright to exhibit at the gallery. He accepted, even though many in the Milwaukee community were resistant to the idea. Wright arrived in November with models and drawings of his designs from 1890 through 1930. As he was installing, a reporter arrived to interview him and asked his opinion on Milwaukee’s new courthouse. Wright responded, “It will take Milwaukee fully a century to recover from the influence of these buildings.” 

This comment certainly did not help public opinion as citizens defended Milwaukee’s honor. Despite that, the exhibition opened and drew twelve hundred visitors in just three days. The drama wasn’t over, though. Wright was arrested the day that he was scheduled to lecture over an issue concerning his deceased wife’s estate. He was released just in time to have dinner with Partridge, Frink, and some supporters before giving his lecture. The next day Wright asked Partridge to pay him immediately; she did, and a few minutes later, the police showed up at Partridge’s door to withhold Wright’s wages. She gleefully responded that she didn’t owe Wright any money.

As evidenced in this short story and in the founding of the Layton School of Art, Partridge was a strong-willed, forward thinking modernist. She was also socially progressive. Partridge was the director of the Federal Arts Project in Wisconsin, the visual arts arm of the Works Progress Administration (WPA). Gerritt Sinclair, the first professor hired at the Layton School of Art, and Richard Jansen were both WPA success stories. Jansen’s East Side Street in Winter, above, created as part of the Federal Arts Project, is part of the Layton Art Collection and is currently on view in the Lower Level.

Charlotte Partridge made a major impact in Milwaukee through both the Layton School of Art and the Layton Art Gallery, as well as involvement in building the War Memorial. She remained a Layton Trustee until 1973. Partridge seems like an amazing person, one that I wish I had had the opportunity to meet.